Some, particularly older historians from countries that carried out the partitions, such as 19th century Russian scholar Sergey Solovyov argued that partitions were justified, as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because of the counterproductive principle of Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, 1793 and 1795.Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the First Partition as a protectorate of Russian Empire 1773–1789"A map of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania including Samogitia and Curland divided according to their dismemberments with the Kingdom of Prussia" from 1799. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, Polish pro-constitution forces, faced with Targowica units and the regular Russian army, were defeated.
The Second Partition: January 23, 1793 (Austria did not participate in that one).
The less often used term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands, specifically:In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the Through the Polish nobles whom Russia controlled and the Russian Minister to Warsaw, ambassador and Prince Nicholas Repnin, The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. A 3rd Partition Of Poland would now result. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The Third Partition: October 24, 1795. )By 1790, on the political front, the First Polish Republic had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an unnatural and ultimately deadly alliance with its enemy, Prussia. On 24 October 1795 their representatives signed a treaty, dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between their three countries.The Russian part included 120,000 km² and 1.2 million people with Wilno, the Prussian part 55,000 km² and 1 million people with Warsaw, and the Austrian 47,000 km² with 1.2 million and Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw in a smaller area of Poland, but after his defeat and the implementation of the Congress of Vienna programme, things became even worse for Poles than before. The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from the map.
Famous was the defence of Tyniec, which lasted until the end of March 1773, and also that of The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on Prussia took Ermland (Warmia), Royal Prussia without the city of After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanisław and the By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly gained control over 80% of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade.
The Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790 was signed.
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second partition of poland