battle of breitenfeld

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Gustavus Adolphus formed up in a similar fashion, but kept his lines separate from the raw Saxon army, which occupied a position to the left of the Swedes. He was poised to plunge cross-country to the aid of Magdeburg. The first major Protestant victory of the Thirty Years’ War, the Battle of Breitenfeld saw King Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus) of Sweden’s army defeat Catholic League forces under Johan Isaclaes, Graf von Tilly.

Pour la bataille des Nations pendant les guerres napoléoniennes, voir Bataille de Leipzig. It would trigger the worst massacre of the war.From the east they rushed the bastion guarding the bridgeworks over the Elbe River. BATTLE OF BREITENFELD.

In that age, infantry still relied on the pike as much as on gunpowder. The Catholic forces would not survive another winter where they were.

The Swedish cavalry moved to outflank their enemy, who in response launched a charge, which was unable to make any headway after two hours of fighting. As the Croatian horsemen, hardened by generations of conflict with their neighbors in the Turkish empire, emerged screaming from under the dust and smoke, Johann Georg’s green recruits began to waver. His tactics were still in use by John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, 70 years later. Now they filled the streets. The cannoneers, meanwhile, had wheeled their light guns completely around; packed full of grapeshot, they amounted to huge shotguns.A thunderous volley slashed through Pappenheim’s cuirassiers, a murderous sleet of grapeshot and 20mm musket balls that cut down horses and horsemen alike without regard for rank or armor.

If Pappenheim’s impetuous charge had succeeded, he had won.

The ‘Swedish phase’ of the Thirty Years’ War had begun.In July, he crossed the Baltic with 13,000 men, mostly native Swedes with a complement of Scottish and Irish mercenaries, but a puny force with which to take on the 100,000 soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire.

As a further insult, the 6,000 captured Imperialists, true to their mercenary heritage, promptly enlisted in the Swedish army. His highly trained troops forced back the imperial army, whose resistance ceased at dusk when thousands, including Tilly, fled the field. Les forces saxonnes fuient et pillent le camp suédois. Each of the three parts of the army was in two lines. Moreover, a family legend had it that a Pappenheim would save Germany by slaying an invading king. Tilly now had half again as many men. ‘Our danger has no end, for the Protestant Estates will without doubt be only strengthened in their hatred by this,’ he stated. The rapid advance unsettled the imperial lines and the Swedish were able to reorder, creating a new left flank.

Thus began the Swedish period of the Thirty Years’ War 1630-1635.

Pappenheim had removed himself as a threat, but the Swedes were not out of danger. They fancied themselves the last vestiges of medieval chivalry, and indeed Pappenheim’s favorite tactic — a full-speed gallop with sword and lance — might have carried the day.

Caught in the middle of morning prayers, the handful of Protestant sentries posted there were quickly dispatched. Swedish troops had also plundered and ravaged the local population, and therefore the peasants who first supported the Swedes began an uprising to the rear of the Swedish army. Le Mercenaries always know when to quit; the survivors of Tilly’s now outmoded strategy could be thankful that ‘Magdeburg quarter’ had not yet become the Protestant battle cry.By 6 p.m. it was all over. Gustavus Adolphus was thence feted as the "Lion of the North," and was able to draw several Protestant states into a major alliance.Losses: Catholic, 7,000 dead, 6,000 surrendered on the field (and 3,000 the next day at Leipzig) of 35,000; Swedish, 2,100 of 23,000; Saxon, 3,000 of 16,000. The allies of Gustavus Adolf, the Saxons, invaded the Czech Republic and occupied Prague.

But this was his moment, and he knew it.

After a four-hour battle, Pappenheim was forced to retreat.Tilly’s troops captured the enemy on both flanks, but they themselves were broken into three parts. After an hour and a half’s march, we saw the enemy’s vanguard with artillery on a hill in our front, and behind it the bulk of his army.’It was about 9 a.m.

Their de facto leader, the Saxon Elector Johann Georg I, avoided commitment to Gustavus, sought a settlement with Ferdinand, and set about raising an army of his own.Meanwhile, Count Tilly, his troops quartered in the Oder Valley, also found himself on unfriendly ground.

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